Java大数据-Hive分区表基本操作、注意事项
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分区表本质上相当于HDFS文件系统中的一个独立文件夹,在这个文件夹中包含该分区所有相关数据文件。当执行查询操作时,通过WHERE子句中的条件表达式来指定所需查询的特定分区。这样做的好处是可以显著提高查询效率。
一、分区表基本操作
1.引入分区表(需要根据日期对日志进行管理)
/user/hive/warehouse/log_partition/20170702/20170702.log
/user/hive/warehouse/log_partition/20170703/20170703.log
/user/hive/warehouse/log_partition/20170704/20170704.log
2.创建分区表语法
hive (default)> create table dept_partition(
deptno int, dname string, loc string
)
partitioned by (month string)
row format delimited fields terminated by '\t';
3.加载数据到分区表中
hive (default)> load data local inpath '/opt/module/datas/dept.txt' into table default.dept_partition partition(month='201709');
hive (default)> load data local inpath '/opt/module/datas/dept.txt' into table default.dept_partition partition(month='201708');
hive (default)> load data local inpath '/opt/module/datas/dept.txt' into table default.dept_partition partition(month='201707’);


4.查询分区表中数据
单分区查询
hive (default)> select * from dept_partition where month='201709';
多分区联合查询
hive (default)> select * from dept_partition where month='201709'
union
select * from dept_partition where month='201708'
union
select * from dept_partition where month='201707';
_u3.deptno _u3.dname _u3.loc _u3.month
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK 201707
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK 201708
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK 201709
20 RESEARCH DALLAS 201707
20 RESEARCH DALLAS 201708
20 RESEARCH DALLAS 201709
30 SALES CHICAGO 201707
30 SALES CHICAGO 201708
30 SALES CHICAGO 201709
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON 201707
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON 201708
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON 201709
5.增加分区
创建单个分区
hive (default)> alter table dept_partition add partition(month='201706') ;
同时创建多个分区
hive (default)> alter table dept_partition add partition(month='201705') partition(month='201704');
6.删除分区
删除单个分区
hive (default)> alter table dept_partition drop partition (month='201704');
同时删除多个分区
hive (default)> alter table dept_partition drop partition (month='201705'), partition (month='201706');
7.查看分区表有多少分区
hive> show partitions dept_partition;
8.查看分区表结构
hive> desc formatted dept_partition;
# Partition Information
# col_name data_type comment
month string
二、分区表注意事项
1.创建二级分区表
hive (default)> create table dept_partition2(
deptno int, dname string, loc string
)
partitioned by (month string, day string)
row format delimited fields terminated by '\t';
2.正常的加载数据
(1)加载数据到二级分区表中
hive (default)> load data local inpath '/opt/module/datas/dept.txt' into table
default.dept_partition2 partition(month='201709', day='13');
(2)查询分区数据
hive (default)> select * from dept_partition2 where month='201709' and day='13';
3.把数据直接上传到分区目录上,让分区表和数据产生关联的三种方式
(1)方式一:上传数据后修复
上传数据
hive (default)> dfs -mkdir -p
/user/hive/warehouse/dept_partition2/month=201709/day=12;
hive (default)> dfs -put /opt/module/datas/dept.txt /user/hive/warehouse/dept_partition2/month=201709/day=12;
查询数据(查询不到刚上传的数据)
hive (default)> select * from dept_partition2 where month='201709' and day='12';
执行修复命令
hive> msck repair table dept_partition2;
再次查询数据
hive (default)> select * from dept_partition2 where month='201709' and day='12';
(2)方式二:上传数据后添加分区
上传数据
hive (default)> dfs -mkdir -p
/user/hive/warehouse/dept_partition2/month=201709/day=11;
hive (default)> dfs -put /opt/module/datas/dept.txt /user/hive/warehouse/dept_partition2/month=201709/day=11;
执行添加分区
hive (default)> alter table dept_partition2 add partition(month='201709',day='11');
查询数据
hive (default)> select * from dept_partition2 where month='201709' and day='11';
(3)方式三:创建文件夹后load数据到分区
创建目录
hive (default)> dfs -mkdir -p
/user/hive/warehouse/dept_partition2/month=201709/day=10;
上传数据
hive (default)> load data local inpath '/opt/module/datas/dept.txt' into table
dept_partition2 partition(month='201709',day='10');
查询数据
hive (default)> select * from dept_partition2 where month='201709' and day='10';
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