Latex 绘图：Tikz 包
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参考文献：
- The TikZ and PGF Packages
- TiKZ入门教程 - LaTeX工作室 (latexstudio.net)
- Latex-TiKZ绘制数学平面几何图教程_latex绘制几何图形-博客
- 【TikZ 简单学习(上)：基础绘制】Latex下的绘图宏包-博客
- LaTeX中TikZ绘图备忘-博客
- LaTeX—Tikz 宏包入门使用教程 - 知乎 (zhihu.com)
- Latex 实时编译 & TikZ 绘图
- Pattern Library
- 分享 | 顶刊高质量论文插图配色（含RGB值及16进制HEX码）
文章目录
- 基本语法
- 高级功能
-
- 树形图
- 关系图
- 填充样式
- 双轴 & 子图
基本语法
首先 \usepackage{tikz} 导入包，基本的指令是：
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\coordinate(a1) at (0,0); %将坐标 (0,0) 标记为 a1
\coordinate(a2) at (5,0);
\coordinate(a3) at (0,5);
\coordinate(a4) at (1,-1);
\coordinate(b1) at (1,1);
\coordinate(b2) at (2,1);
\coordinate(b3) at (2,2);
\coordinate(b4) at (1,2);
\coordinate(c1) at (1,3);
\coordinate(c2) at (4,4);
\coordinate(c3) at (3,-3);
\node at (a1)[left]{$a_1$}; %在位置 a1 书写标识
\node at (a2)[above]{$a_2$};
\node at (a3)[right]{$a_3$};
\node at (a4)[below]{$a_4$};
\node at (b2)[shift={(0.6,-0.2)},rotate=45]{let $b=\hat\alpha_\kappa \cdot \frac{1}{\beta}$}; %偏移+旋转
\fill (a1) circle (0.5mm); %在位置 a1 绘制圆圈
\fill (a2) circle (0.5mm);
\fill (a3) circle (0.5mm);
\fill (a4) circle (0.5mm);
\fill (c1) circle (1mm);
\fill (c2) circle (1mm);
\fill (c3) circle (1mm);
\draw[line width=0.3mm,color=blue] (a2) -- (a3); %绘制从 a1 到 a2 的线段
\draw[dash dot,->] (a1) -- (a2); %箭头
\draw[loosely dash dot,<->] (a1) -- (a3); %双箭头
\draw[] (b1)--(b2)--(b3)--(b4)--cycle; %闭合线段
\draw (a2) circle (1cm); %圆圈
\draw (a2) ellipse (1cm and 2cm); %椭圆
\draw[color=red] (a1) rectangle (a4); %矩形
\draw (a3) .. controls (c1) and (c2) .. (a2); %由 c1,c2 控制的贝塞尔曲线
\draw (a1) parabola bend (c3) (a2); %以 c3 为顶点的抛物线
\draw[step=1,color=gray!40] (-2,0) grid (0,4); %绘制网格
\draw[latex-latex, red] (0,2) -- ++(-1,1) -- ++(-1,-1); %更新的偏移
\draw[dashed, blue] (0,1) -- +(-1,1) -- +(-2,0); %不更新的偏移
\draw[domain=0:4] plot (\x,{0.1*exp(\x)}) node[right]{$f(x)=\frac{1}{10}e^x$}; %绘制函数图像
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
latex
绘制结果：
高级功能
树形图
\begin{center}
\tikzset{
box/.style ={
rectangle, %矩形节点
rounded corners=5pt, %圆角
minimum width=50pt, %最小宽度
minimum height=20pt, %最小高度
inner sep=5pt, %文字和边框的距离
draw=blue %边框颜色
}
}
\begin{tikzpicture}[sibling distance = 80pt] %树形图
\node[box] {root}
child {node[box] {a1}}
child {node {a2}
child {node {b1}}
child {node {b2}}}
child {node[box] {a3}};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
lat
绘制结果：
观察到后画的图形会覆盖先画的图形，因此也可以自己写：
\begin{figure}[tp!]
\centering
\caption{
A Tree.
}
\label{fig1}
\tikzset{
box/.style ={
shape=rectangle, %矩形
rounded corners=5pt, %圆角
minimum width=10pt, %最小宽度
minimum height=10pt, %最小高度
inner sep=3pt, %文字和边框的距离
align = center, %文字居中对齐
draw=white, %边框颜色
fill=white %填充颜色
}
}
\begin{tikzpicture}[sibling distance = 100pt]
\coordinate(f) at (0,0);
\coordinate(c) at (-4,-1);
\coordinate(q) at (0,-1);
\coordinate(r) at (4,-1);
\coordinate(c1) at (-1.2,-2);
\coordinate(q1) at (0,-2);
\coordinate(r1) at (1.2,-2);
\coordinate(c2) at (2.8,-2);
\coordinate(q2) at (4,-2);
\coordinate(r2) at (5.2,-2);
\draw (c) -- (f) -- (r) -- (r2);
\draw (f) -- (q) -- (c1);
\draw (q1) -- (q) -- (r1);
\draw (c2) -- (r) -- (q2);
%先画线，再描点，置于顶层
\node[box] at (f)[]{$f(X)$};
\node[box] at (c)[]{$c(X)$};
\node[box] at (q)[]{$q(X)$};
\node[box] at (r)[]{$r(X)$};
\node[box] at (c1)[]{$c_1(X)$};
\node[box] at (q1)[]{$q_1(X)$};
\node[box] at (r1)[]{$r_1(X)$};
\node[box] at (c2)[]{$c_2(X)$};
\node[box] at (q2)[]{$q_2(X)$};
\node[box] at (r2)[]{$r_2(X)$};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{figure}
latex
绘制结果：
关系图
\begin{center}
\usetikzlibrary{graphs} %关系图
\begin{tikzpicture}
\graph {
"$x_1$" -> "$x_2$"[red] -> "$x_3\|x_4$";
"$x_1$" ->[bend left] "$x_3\|x_4$";
};
\end{tikzpicture}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\coordinate(a1) at (0,0);
\coordinate(a2) at (5,0);
\coordinate(a3) at (2,3);
\node at (a1)[left]{$a_1$};
\node at (a2)[above]{$a_2$};
\node at (a3)[right]{$a_3$};
\fill (a1) circle (0.5mm);
\fill (a2) circle (0.5mm);
\fill (a3) circle (0.5mm);
\graph {
(a1) -> (a2) -> (a3);
(a1) ->[thick,blue,bend left,dashed] (a3);
};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
lat
绘制结果：
填充样式
在文档的导言区引入 \usetikzlibrary{patterns}，启用 pattern 包。
在绘图时，可以添加 [pattern=xxx] 配置。基本的填充模式有：
除此之外，可以自定义填充模式，详见 https://tikz.dev/library-patterns
利用它绘制柱状图：
\begin{figure}[!tb]
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}
[ybar, % 柱状图
bar width=0.5cm, % 柱子宽度
title={title},
axis y line=left, % 带箭头的y轴
axis x line=bottom, % 带箭头的x轴
xtick distance=1, % x的刻度距离
ytick distance=5, % y的刻度距离
xmin=0.5, xmax=3.5, % x的范围
ymin=1, ymax=48, % y的范围
legend pos=north west, % 图例的位置
xlabel={x},
ylabel={y},
nodes near coords, % 自动显示node坐标
every node near coord/.append style={font=\scriptsize},
ymajorgrids, % 显示y轴刻度的网格线
y grid style={white!69.019608!black},
grid style={thick,black,dashed},
]
\addlegendentry{A1}
\addplot+ [pattern=north east lines,pattern color=blue] coordinates {(1,27.7) (2,35.9) (3,41.4)}; % 蓝色斜线
\addlegendentry{A2}
\addplot+ [pattern=horizontal lines,pattern color=red] coordinates {(1,20.7) (2,21.3) (3,20.0)}; % 红色水平线
\addlegendentry{A3}
\addplot+ [pattern=north west lines,pattern color=orange] coordinates {(1,14.8) (2,17.2) (3,17.4)}; % 橙色反斜线
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{
Caption.
}
\label{fig1}
\end{figure}
lat
绘制结果如下：
双轴 & 子图
想要绘制双轴的柱状图 + 折线图，并且把两个图像并列排版，可以使用 \pgfplotsset{set layers} 和 \begin{minipage}，
\begin{figure}[!tb]
\begin{minipage}{0.42\linewidth} % 在子页面上绘制子图
\scalebox{0.6}{ % 恰当缩放子图
\begin{tikzpicture}
\pgfplotsset{set layers} % 设置多个图层，以绘制双轴图
\begin{axis}[ybar,
scale only axis,
title={T1},
axis x line*=bottom, % 不带箭头的x轴
axis y line*=left, % 不带箭头的y轴
xmin=0.5, xmax=3.5,
ymin=1, ymax=250,
xtick distance=1,
ytick distance=50,
xlabel={XXX},
ylabel={YYY},
legend style={font=\footnotesize, % 设置图例的属性
legend pos=north west},
legend columns=2, % 水平排列的图例
nodes near coords,
every node near coord/.append style={font=\scriptsize},
ymajorgrids,
y grid style={white!69.019608!black},
grid style={thick,black,dashed},
]
\addlegendentry{A}
% 自定义的 RGB 色彩
\addplot+ [color={rgb,255:red,107;green,126;blue,185}] coordinates {(1,55) (2,99) (3,123)};
\addlegendentry{B}
% 必须用 rgb,255 打头，才能启用范围 [0,255] 的色素值
\addplot+ [color={rgb,255:red,255;green,127;blue,0}] coordinates {(1,33) (2,44) (3,66)};
\end{axis}
\begin{axis}[scale only axis,
axis x line=none, % 第二张图，不画横轴
axis y line*=right, % 在右侧绘制第二个纵轴
xmin=0.5, xmax=3.5,
ymin=1, ymax=150,
xtick distance=64,
ytick distance=30,
ylabel={\ref{z}ZZZ}, % 引用下面的线条形状
nodes near coords,
every node near coord/.append style={font=\scriptsize},
]
\addlegendentry{C}
\addplot [color=darkgray,mark=*] coordinates {(1,44.4) (2,88.8) (3,123.4)};\label{z} % 标记这个线条
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}}
\end{minipage}
\qquad\space\space % 两个子图之间的空格，防止重叠
\begin{minipage}{0.42\linewidth}
\scalebox{0.75}{
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}
[ybar, % 柱状图
bar width=0.5cm, % 柱子宽度
title={title},
axis y line=left, % 带箭头的y轴
axis x line=bottom, % 带箭头的x轴
xtick distance=64, % x的刻度距离
ytick distance=5, % y的刻度距离
xmin=0.5, xmax=3.5, % x的范围
ymin=1, ymax=48, % y的范围
legend pos=north west, % 图例的位置
xlabel={x},
ylabel={y},
nodes near coords, % 自动显示node坐标
every node near coord/.append style={font=\scriptsize},
ymajorgrids, % 显示y轴刻度的网格线
y grid style={white!69.019608!black},
grid style={thick,black,dashed},
]
\addlegendentry{A1}
\addplot+ [pattern=north east lines,pattern color=blue] coordinates {(1,27.7) (2,35.9) (3,41.4)}; % 蓝色斜线
\addlegendentry{A2}
\addplot+ [pattern=horizontal lines,pattern color=red] coordinates {(1,20.7) (2,21.3) (3,20.0)}; % 红色水平线
\addlegendentry{A3}
\addplot+ [pattern=north west lines,pattern color=orange] coordinates {(1,14.8) (2,17.2) (3,17.4)}; % 橙色反斜线
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}}
\end{minipage}
\caption{
Caption.
}
\label{fig2}
\end{figure}
lat
绘制的结果如下：
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