【SCI论文写作】斯坦福写作课程：Writing in the Sciences -Unit 2
目录
Unit 2
Module 2.1: Use the active voice
Module 2.2: Is it really OK to use "We" and "I"?
Module 2.3: Active voice practice
Module 2.4: Write with verbs
Module 2.5: Practice examples
Module 2.6: A few grammar tips
Unit 2
Module 2.1: Use the active voice
使用主动语态
● "Subject verb object"
● What is the passive voice?
什么是主动语态？
-Object-Verb-Subject or Object-Verb
-Classic example: "Mistakes were made"
什么是被动语态？
-Passive verb = a form of the verb "to be" + the past participle of the main verb.
-The main verb must be a transitive verb (that is, take an object).
● Example:
-My first visit to Boston will always be remembered by me (Passive voice).
-I will always remember my first visit to Boston (Active voice).
-She is loved.
-Cigarette ads were designed to appeal especially to children.
-(Try to rewrite as a active voice)
● More examples:
A high-resolution 90-degree bending magnet positioned downstream of the laser electron interaction region was installed. Its spectrum can be measured.
We can demonstrate the spectrum of electron beams through the application of a highly precise, 90-degree bending magnet positioned downstream from the laser electron interaction region.
Passive: Generalized dysfunction of the immune system as a whole has been indicated at the leukocyte level, which is a critical component of the immune system, in both animal and human studies. This condition is evidenced by consistent findings across multiple experimental setups.
Both human and animal studies more accurately indicate that diabetics exhibit general immune dysfunction at the leukocyte level.
The activation process of calcium ions (Ca++) channels is facilitated by a significant reduction in calcium ion availability within the endoplasmic reticulum stores.
Calcium ++ ions are removed from the endoplasmic reticulum, which stimulates calcium ++ channels.
● Use active voice; be direct!
Additionally, it was revealed that administering antibiotics before treatment resulted in an increase in the number of super-shedders, whereas immunosuppression had no effect.
Administering antibiotics to the mice beforehand resulted in a significant rise in the number of super-shedders, whereas immunosuppression had no impact on this outcome.
Module 2.2: Is it really OK to use "We" and "I"?
● Yes, it's OK!
- The active voice is livelier and easier to read.
主动语态更生动，更容易阅读。
It is widely believed that disregarding first-person pronouns has been called into question as a means to attain objectivity in academic writing.
The team conducted the experiments and analyzed the data. Implying otherwise is misleading.
The experiments and analysis did not emerge naturally. For example, the data were interpreted as demonstrating the results.
By becoming a contributor to the paper, you assume responsibility for its content. Therefore, please ensure that any assertions in the text reflect your own perspective using "we" or "I".
强调作者责任，强调作者的作用
● Some journals want you to use active voice!
● Great authors use "we" and "I"...
● When is it OK to use the passive voice?
○ The method section.
-What was done is more important than who did it!
Readers often quickly scan the methods section when they look for specific information instead of taking it in gradually.
-May be more effort than it’s worth to avoid using “we” and “I” in every sentence.
Module 2.3: Active voice practice
一些练习：
Example 1:****
A recommendation was made by the DSMB committee that the study be halted.à
The DSMB committee recommended that the study be halted.
Example 2:
Significant discrepancies were identified between the response times of the two participants in a recent experiment involving two participants in the study.
We noticed noticeable discrepancies between their response times.
Example 3:
据编辑们所认为的数据显示/数据显示
The editors concluded that the authors falsified their data.
......
Module 2.4: Write with verbs
动词写作
● use strong verbs
适用语气强烈的动词
● avoid turning verbs into nouns
不要把动词转化成名词。
-Obtain estimate of --> estimate
-Has seen an expansion in --> has expanded
-Proviedes a methodologic emphasis --> emphasizes methodology
-Take an assessment of --> assess
-Provide a review of --> review
-Offer confirmation of --> confirm
-Make a decision --> decide
-Shows a peak --> peaks
-Provide a description of --> describe
● don't bury the main verb
谓语要贴近主语，在句子开头附近。
● Verbs make sentences go!
● Pick the right verb!
● Use "to be" verbs purposefully and sparingly.
有目的且谨慎使用“ to be”。
Don't kill verbs by turning them into nouns.
Module 2.5****:Practice examples****
-Fluff words: important
Module 2.6: A few grammar tips
一些语法提醒
● "Data are" NOT "Data is"
● Affect (v) vs. effect (n)
● Compared to vs. compared with:
○ Compared to = to point out similarities between different things
通常用来指出不同事物之间的相似性（论文中不常见），用来做隐喻。
○ Compared with = to point out differences between similar things
通常用来指出相似事物之间的区别（论文中常见）。
● That vs. which
二者构成必要与非必要的两类区别，在语法结构中去掉 'that' 之后仍会对句子的含义产生重要影响，则去掉 'which' 则不会对句子的意义产生任何影响
○ that可以指代许多同样的对象，而which仅仅特指一个对象。
Avoid using "they" or "their" when the subject is singular; opt for a plural form instead to prevent gender choice.
主语是单数时，不要使用“they”或“their”。
○ Each student worries about their grade. -->
○ Each student worries about her grade.
为了避免这个问题，将主语和代词变成复数。
○ Better: All students worry about their grades.